Neurological Consequences of Cytomegalovirus Infection

Treatment

Since the virus remains in the person for life, there is no treatment to eliminate CMV infection.  However, minimizing contact with infected body fluids can decrease the risk of viral transmission between individuals or from mother to fetus.  Contact can be minimized by using gloves or other protective barriers when handling body fluids or contaminated materials (such as diapers or tissues), avoiding shared dishes, utensils, and other personal items, and consistent and thorough hand-washing.  Antiviral drugs (ganciclovir and others)can be used to prevent or control the symptoms of CMV infection in immunocompromised individuals or some infants with congenital infection.  CMV  immunoglobulin may also be used in some patients.  Vaccines are in the development and human clinical trial stages, which shows that vaccines may help prevent initial CMV infection or decrease the severity of symptoms.

Prognosis

For most people CMV infection is not a problem.  However, two groups of people are at high risk of neurological or other severe symptoms that may lead to long-term effects:Unborn infants whose mothers have CMV infection. CMV is the most common congenital infection in the U.S.  Most infants will have no permanent health consequences, but a small number will have at birth or will develop long-term neurological conditions, such as hearing loss, visual impairment, seizures, or disabilities f mental or physical function.  The highest risk of these severe effects on the fetus is for women who acquire CMV infection for the first time during pregnancy.  The risk is much lower for women who have had CMV infection in the past before pregnancy.Immunocompromised individuals.  CMV infection may be severe in solid organ or blood cell transplant recipients, people with untreated or end-stage HIV-AIDS,  or others with altered immune function.  Infection may affect the brain (encephalitis), spinal cord (myelitis), eye (retinitis), or other organs such as the lungs (pneumonia) or intestinal gract (gastritis, enteritis, or colitis).  In addition, transplant recipients may develop organ rejection or graft-versus-host disease associated with CMV infection.

Research

The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), conduct research related to CMV infection in laboratories at the NIH, and support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.  Much of this research focuses on finding better ways to prevent and treat CMV infection in people at risk of severe neurological consequences, especially a safe and effective CMV vaccine.

Organizations